644 lines
13 KiB
Text
644 lines
13 KiB
Text
|
; -------- GA ENGLISH PHONETIC INVENTORY
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; ---- VOWELS = æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟
|
|||
|
|
; ɪ̞ / ʊ̞ = lowered
|
|||
|
|
; u̟ = advanced
|
|||
|
|
; -- LABIAL = u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɔ
|
|||
|
|
; -- +HIGH = i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞
|
|||
|
|
; -- -HIGH = ɑ / æ / e / ə / ɛ / ʌ
|
|||
|
|
; -- +LOW = ɑ / æ / ɛ
|
|||
|
|
; -- -LOW = i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞ / e / ə / ʌ
|
|||
|
|
; -- +BACK = ɑ / ɔ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / u̟
|
|||
|
|
; -- -BACK = æ / e / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / i
|
|||
|
|
; -- +TENSE = e / i / u̟ / ɑ
|
|||
|
|
; -- -TENSE = æ / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / ɔ
|
|||
|
|
; ---- DIPTHONGS = eə / eɪ̯ / ju̟ / äɪ̞ / ɔɪ̞ / oʊ̞ / aʊ̞ / ɑɹ / iɹ / ɛɹ / ɔɹ / ʊɹ
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; ---- CONSONANTS = p (pʰ) / b (b̥) / t (tʰ)(ɾ)(ʔ) / d (d̥)(ɾ) / tʃ (tʃʰ) / dʒ (d̥ʒ̊) / k (kʰ) / g (g̊) / f / v (v̥) / θ / ð (ð̥) / s / z (z̥) / ʃ / ʒ (ʒ̊) / h (ɦ)(ç) / m (ɱ)(m̩) / n(n̩) / ŋ / l (l̩)/ ɹ (ɹʲ ~ ɹˤ)(ɹ̩) / w (w̥) / j / x / ʔ
|
|||
|
|
; -- PLOSIVES = p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ
|
|||
|
|
; -- AFFRICATES = tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ
|
|||
|
|
; -- FRICATIVES = f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x
|
|||
|
|
; -- NASAL OBSTRUENTS = m ɱ / n / ŋ
|
|||
|
|
; -- LIQUIDS = l
|
|||
|
|
; -- RHOTIC LIQUIDS = ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; -- SYLLABIC CONSONANTS = m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; -- GLIDES = j / w
|
|||
|
|
; -- LARYNGEALS = h ɦ / ʔ [- consonantal sonorant +/- LARYNGEAL FEATURES] only
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; -------- main class features
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[consonantal
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w /
|
|||
|
|
; LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
h ɦ / ʔ
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[sonorant
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w w̥ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
h ɦ / ʔ
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
[approximant
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; -------- laryngeal features
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[voice
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; VOICED FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
v / ð / z / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; VOICED AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; VOICED LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
; LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
ɦ
|
|||
|
|
-= voiceless obstruents
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; VOICELESS AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ / tʃʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; VOICELESS FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / θ / s / ʃ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; VOICELESS LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
h / ʔ
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[spread-glottis
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; ASPIRATED PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
pʰ / tʰ / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; ASPIRATED AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; SPREAD LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
h ɦ
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; UNASPIRATED PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / t ɾ / k /
|
|||
|
|
; UNASPIRATED AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
; CONSTRICTED LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
ʔ
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
[constricted-glottis
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; LARYNGEALIZED RHOTIC
|
|||
|
|
ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; CONSTRICTED LARYNGEAL
|
|||
|
|
ʔ /
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-PHARYNGEALIZED RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ ɹʲ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
; SPREAD LARYNGEALS
|
|||
|
|
h ɦ /
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; -------- manner features
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[continuant
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l̩ / ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; TAPS
|
|||
|
|
ɾ
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; NON-TAP PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[nasal
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l̩ / ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[strident
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; STRIDENT FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; STRIDENT AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-STRIDENT FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
θ / ð / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; RHOTICS + LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[lateral
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; LATERAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l /
|
|||
|
|
; SYLLABIC LATERALS /
|
|||
|
|
l̩
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ
|
|||
|
|
; AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ
|
|||
|
|
; FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x
|
|||
|
|
; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n / ŋ
|
|||
|
|
; RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LIQUID SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; -------- ---- PLACE features
|
|||
|
|
; -------- labial features
|
|||
|
|
[labial
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; ROUNDED VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɔ /
|
|||
|
|
; LABIAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; LABIAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v /
|
|||
|
|
; LABIAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ /
|
|||
|
|
; LABIAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; LABIAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
w
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; UNROUNDED VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / i /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LABIAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LABIAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LABIAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LABIAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
n / ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l /
|
|||
|
|
; RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LABIAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LABIAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; -------- coronal features
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[coronal
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
n /
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ
|
|||
|
|
; CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / k / kʰ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / ç / x
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / ŋ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[anterior
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; DENTAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
θ / ð /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
s / z /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR NASALS
|
|||
|
|
n /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
n̩ / l̩ /
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; POSTALVEOLAR RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ /
|
|||
|
|
; POSTALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; -- NON-CORONALs
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / k / kʰ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / ç / x
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / ŋ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[distributed
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; DENTAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
θ / ð /
|
|||
|
|
; POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; POSTALVEOLAR RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ /
|
|||
|
|
; POSTALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ̩ /
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; apical / retroflex
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
s / z /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR NASALS
|
|||
|
|
n /
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; ALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
n̩ / l̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; -- NON-CORONALS
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / k / kʰ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / ç / x
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / ŋ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-CORONAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; -------- dorsal features
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[dorsal
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[high
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; HIGH VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞
|
|||
|
|
; HIGH DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; HIGH DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; HIGH DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; HIGH RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ
|
|||
|
|
; HIGH DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j / w
|
|||
|
|
-= χ / e / o / a
|
|||
|
|
; NON-HIGH VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
ɑ / æ / e / ə / ɛ / ʌ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-HIGH RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[low
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; LOW VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
ɑ / æ / ɛ /
|
|||
|
|
; LOW DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
-= a / ɛ / ɔ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LOW VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞ / e / ə / ʌ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LOW DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LOW DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LOW DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-LOW DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j
|
|||
|
|
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
[back
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; k / ɣ / χ / u / ə / o / ʌ / ɑ
|
|||
|
|
; BACK VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
ɑ / ɔ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / u̟ /
|
|||
|
|
; BACK DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; BACK DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
x /
|
|||
|
|
; BACK DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; BACK DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹˤ
|
|||
|
|
-= ç / k̟ / i / y / ø / ɛ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-BACK DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ç /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-BACK DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-BACK DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j
|
|||
|
|
; NON-BACK VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / e / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / i
|
|||
|
|
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
[tense ; compare to ATR or RTR
|
|||
|
|
+=
|
|||
|
|
; TENSE VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
e / i / u̟ / ɑ
|
|||
|
|
-=
|
|||
|
|
; NON-TENSE VOWELS
|
|||
|
|
æ / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / ɔ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
k / kʰ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
ç / x /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
|||
|
|
ŋ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
|||
|
|
; DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
j
|
|||
|
|
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
|||
|
|
p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
|||
|
|
tʃ tʃʰ / dʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
|||
|
|
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
|||
|
|
m ɱ / n /
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
l
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
|||
|
|
ɹ
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
|||
|
|
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
|||
|
|
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
|||
|
|
w
|
|||
|
|
]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; Devoicing, all our d's become t's
|
|||
|
|
[+ voice]>[- voice]/._.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
; Ejectivization, all our pits become pit's
|
|||
|
|
[+ plosive]>[+ constricted-glottis]/._[+ constricted-glottis]
|
|||
|
|
[+ plosive]>[+ constricted-glottis]/[+ constricted-glottis]_.
|
|||
|
|
[+ constricted-glottis]>0/[+ constricted-glottis - continuant]_.
|
|||
|
|
[+ constricted-glottis]>0/._[+ constricted-glottis - continuant]
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
*PROTO
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|Gif Lang
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
*PROTO
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|Jif Lang
|