; -------- GA ENGLISH PHONETIC INVENTORY ; ---- VOWELS = æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ ; -- NASAL = æ̃ / ẽ / ə̃ / ɑ̃ / ɔ̃ / ɪ̃ / ɛ̃ / ʌ̃ / ʊ̃ / ĩ / ũ ; ɪ̞ / ʊ̞ = lowered ; u̟ = advanced ; -- LABIAL = u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɔ ; -- +HIGH = i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞ ; -- -HIGH = ɑ / æ / e / ə / ɛ / ʌ ; -- +LOW = ɑ / æ / ɛ ; -- -LOW = i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞ / e / ə / ʌ ; -- +BACK = ɑ / ɔ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / u̟ ; -- -BACK = æ / e / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / i ; -- +TENSE = e / i / u̟ / ɑ ; -- -TENSE = æ / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / ɔ ; ---- DIPHTHONGS = eə / eɪ̯ / ju̟ / äɪ̞ / ɔɪ̞ / oʊ̞ / aʊ̞ / ɑɹ / iɹ / ɛɹ / ɔɹ / ʊɹ ; ---- CONSONANTS = p (pʰ) / b (b̥) / t (tʰ)(ɾ)(ʔ) / d (d̥)(ɾ) / tʃ / dʒ (d̥ʒ̊) / k (kʰ) / g (g̊) / f / v (v̥) / θ / ð (ð̥) / ; s / z (z̥) / ʃ / ʒ (ʒ̊) / h (ɦ)(ç) / m (ɱ)(m̩) / n(n̩) / ŋ / l (l̩)/ ɹ (ɹʲ ~ ɹˤ)(ɹ̩) / w (w̥) / j / x / ʔ ; -- PLOSIVES = p / p' / pʰ / t / t' / tʰ ɾ / k / k' / kʰ ; -- AFFRICATES = tʃ / dʒ ; -- FRICATIVES = f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x ; -- NASAL OBSTRUENTS = m ɱ / n / ŋ ; -- LIQUIDS = l ; -- RHOTIC LIQUIDS = ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ ; -- SYLLABIC CONSONANTS = m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ ; -- GLIDES = j / w ; -- LARYNGEALS = h ɦ / ʔ [- consonantal sonorant +/- LARYNGEAL FEATURES] only ; -------- distinctive groups set PLOSIVES = [ p, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ, ɾ, kʼ, k, kʰ ] AFFRICATES = [ tʃʰ, dʒ ] FRICATIVES = [ f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, x ] NASALS = [ m, ɱ, n, ŋ ] LIQUIDS = [ l, ɹ, ɹʲ, ɹˤ ] SYLLABICS = [ m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ ] VOWELS = [ æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟ ] GLIDES = [ j, w ] LARYNGEALS = [ h, ɦ, ʔ ] VOWELS = [ æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟ ] ; ---- implicit ; GLOBAL { all sets } ; ---- set join operations non-mutable! ; { SET_A not SET_B } left anti join ; { SET_A and SET_B } inner join ; { SET_A or SET_B } full outer join ; { not SET_A } = { GLOBAL not SET_A } ; { not SET_A nor SET_B } = { GLOBAL not { SET_A or SET_B } } ; ---- set character operations - non-mutable! ; { [ Xy ] in SET_A } FILTER: where X is any character and y is a filtering character ; { SET_A yield [ Xy ] } CONCATENATE: performs transformation with (prepended or) appended character ; { SET_A yield [ X concat y ] } ; { SET_A yield [ y concat X ] } ; { SET_A yield y[ X ] } DISSOCIATE: performs transformation removing prepended (or appended) character ; { SET_A yield y dissoc [ X ] } ; { SET_A yield [ X ] dissoc y } ; { [ Xy ] in SET_A yield [ X ]y } combined FILTER and DISSOCIATE ; ---- TENTATIVE! ; ---- set feature operations - non-mutable! ; { [ + feature1 - feature2 ] in SET_A } FILTER: where feature1 and feature2 are filtering features ; { SET_A yield [ X + feature1 ] } TRANSFORMATION: performs transformation with (prepended or) appended character ; { SET_A yield [ X - feature1 ] } ; { SET_A yield [ X - feature1 + feature2 ] } ; { [ X + feature1 - feature2 ] in SET_A yield [ - feature1 + feature2 ] } combined FILTER and TRANSFORMATION ; ---- MAPPING set PLOSIVES = [ p, t, k ], FRICATIVES = [ f, s, x ], ; pairs PLOSIVES with FRICATIVES that have matching features = [ pf, ts, kx ] AFFRICATES = { PLOSIVES yield [ X concat { [ [ X ] - fricative ] in FRICATIVES } ] } ; ---- example with join, character, and feature operations ; set SET_C = { [ PHONE +feature1 ] in { SET_A or SET_B } yield [ PHONE concat y ] } ; -------- main class features [consonantal += PLOSIVES, AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES, NASALS, LIQUIDS, SYLLABICS -= VOWELS, GLIDES, LARYNGEALS ] [sonorant += VOWELS, GLIDES, LIQUIDS, NASALS, SYLLABICS -= PLOSIVES, AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES, LARYNGEALS ] [approximant += VOWELS, LIQUIDS, GLIDES, ; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS l̩, ɹ̩ -= PLOSIVES, AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES, NASALS, ; SYLLABIC NASALS m̩, n̩ ] ; -------- laryngeal features [voice += VOWELS, GLIDES, LIQUIDS, NASALS, SYLLABICS, ; VOICED FRICATIVES v, ð, z, ʒ, ; VOICED AFFRICATES dʒ, ; VOICED LARYNGEALS ɦ -= PLOSIVES, ; VOICELESS AFFRICATES tʃ, ; VOICELESS FRICATIVES f, θ, s, ʃ, ç, x, ; VOICELESS LARYNGEALS h, ʔ ] [spreadGlottis += ; ASPIRATED PLOSIVES pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, ; ASPIRATED AFFRICATES ; SPREAD LARYNGEALS h ɦ -= VOWELS, FRICATIVES, NASALS, LIQUIDS, SYLLABICS, GLIDES, ; UNASPIRATED PLOSIVES p, pʼ, t, tʼ, ɾ, k, kʼ, ; UNASPIRATED AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; CONSTRICTED LARYNGEALS ʔ ] [constrictedGlottis += ; LARYNGEALIZED RHOTIC ɹˤ, ; CONSTRICTED LARYNGEAL ʔ, ; EJECTIVE PLOSIVES pʼ, tʼ, kʼ -= VOWELS, AFFRICATES, FRICATIVES, NASALS, SYLLABICS, GLIDES, ; UNCONSTRICTED PLOSIVES { PLOSIVES not [ p', t', k' ] }, ; NON-CONSTRICTED LIQUIDS l, ɹ ɹʲ, ; SPREAD LARYNGEALS h ɦ, ] ; -------- manner features [continuant += ; FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, x, ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS l, ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ, ; GLIDES j, w, ; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS l̩, ɹ̩, ; TAPS ɾ -= ; NON-TAP PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ, k, kʼ, kʰ, ; AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NASALS m ɱ, n, ŋ, ; SYLLABIC NASALS m̩, n̩ ] [nasal += ; NASALS m ɱ, n, ŋ, ; SYLLABIC NASALS m̩, n̩ -= ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, x, ; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS l, ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ, ; GLIDES j, w, ; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS l̩, ɹ̩, ; PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, k, kʼ, kʰ, ; AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ] [strident += ; STRIDENT FRICATIVES f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; STRIDENT AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ -= ; VOWELS æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, k, kʼ, kʰ, ; NON-STRIDENT FRICATIVES θ, ð, ç, x, ; NASAL OBSTRUENTS m ɱ, n, ŋ, ; RHOTICS + LIQUIDS l, ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ, ; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩, ; GLIDES j, w ] [lateral += ; LATERAL LIQUIDS l, ; SYLLABIC LATERALS, l̩ -= ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, k, kʼ, kʰ ; AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ ; FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, x ; NASAL OBSTRUENTS m ɱ, n, ŋ ; RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ ; NON-LIQUID SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, ɹ̩ ; GLIDES j, w ] ; -------- ---- PLACE features ; -------- labial features [labial += ; ROUNDED VOWELS u̟, ʊ̞, ɔ, ʊ̃, ũ, ɔ̃ ; LABIAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, ; LABIAL FRICATIVES f, v, ; LABIAL NASALS m ɱ, ; LABIAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, ; LABIAL GLIDES w -= ; UNROUNDED VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, i, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ĩ, ; NON-LABIAL PLOSIVES t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, k, kʼ, kʰ, ; NON-LABIAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NON-LABIAL FRICATIVES θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ç, x, ; NON-LABIAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS n, ŋ, ; LIQUIDS l, ; RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ, ; NON-LABIAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS n̩, l̩, ɹ̩, ; NON-LABIAL GLIDES j ] ; -------- coronal features [coronal += ; CORONAL PLOSIVES t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; CORONAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; CORONAL FRICATIVES θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; CORONAL NASALS n, ; CORONAL LIQUIDS l ; CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ; CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ -= ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, k, kʼ, kʰ ; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES f, v, ç, x ; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS m ɱ, ŋ ; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ɹˤ ; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, ; NON-CORONAL GLIDES j, w ] [anterior += ; ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; ALVEOLAR AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; DENTAL FRICATIVES θ, ð, ; ALVEOLAR FRICATIVES s, z, ; ALVEOLAR NASALS n, ; ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS l ; ALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS n̩, l̩, -= ; POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVES ʃ, ʒ, ; POSTALVEOLAR RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ, ; POSTALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS ɹ̩, ; -- NON-CORONALs ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, k, kʼ, kʰ ; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES f, v, ç, x ; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS m ɱ, ŋ ; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ɹˤ ; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, ; NON-CORONAL GLIDES j, w ] [distributed += ; DENTAL FRICATIVES θ, ð, ; POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVES ʃ, ʒ, ; POSTALVEOLAR RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ, ; POSTALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS ɹ̩, -= ; apical, retroflex ; ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; ALVEOLAR FRICATIVES s, z, ; ALVEOLAR NASALS n, ; ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS l ; ALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS n̩, l̩, ; -- NON-CORONALS ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, k, kʼ, kʰ ; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES f, v, ç, x ; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS m ɱ, ŋ ; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ɹˤ ; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, ; NON-CORONAL GLIDES j, w ] ; -------- dorsal features [dorsal += ; VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, i, u̟, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; DORSAL PLOSIVES k, kʼ, kʰ, ; DORSAL FRICATIVES ç, x, ; DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS ŋ, ; DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ɹˤ ; DORSAL GLIDES j -= ; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; NON-DORSAL NASALS m ɱ, n, ; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS l ; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ ; NON-DORSAL GLIDES w ] [high += ; HIGH VOWELS i, u̟, ʊ̞, ɪ̞, ĩ, ũ, ʊ̃, ɪ̃ ; HIGH DORSAL PLOSIVES k, kʼ, kʰ, ; HIGH DORSAL FRICATIVES ç, x, ; HIGH DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS ŋ, ; HIGH RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ; HIGH DORSAL GLIDES j, w -= χ, e, o, a ; NON-HIGH VOWELS ɑ, æ, e, ə, ɛ, ʌ, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ; NON-HIGH RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹˤ ; -- NON-DORSALS ; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; NON-DORSAL NASALS m ɱ, n, ; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS l ; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ ; NON-DORSAL GLIDES w ] [low += ; LOW VOWELS ɑ, æ, ɛ, æ̃, ɑ̃, ɛ̃, ; LOW DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹˤ -= a, ɛ, ɔ ; NON-LOW VOWELS i, u̟, ʊ̞, ɪ̞, e, ə, ʌ, ẽ, ə̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ĩ, ũ ; NON-LOW DORSAL PLOSIVES k, kʼ, kʰ, ; NON-LOW DORSAL FRICATIVES ç, x, ; NON-LOW DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS ŋ, ; NON-LOW DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ; DORSAL GLIDES j ; -- NON-DORSALS ; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; NON-DORSAL NASALS m ɱ, n, ; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS l ; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ ; NON-DORSAL GLIDES w ] [back += ; k, kʼ, ɣ, χ, u, ə, o, ʌ, ɑ ; BACK VOWELS ɑ, ɔ, ʌ, ʊ̞, u̟, ɑ̃, ɔ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ũ, ; BACK DORSAL PLOSIVES k, kʼ, kʰ, ; BACK DORSAL FRICATIVES x, ; BACK DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS ŋ, ; BACK DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹˤ -= ç, k̟, i, y, ø, ɛ ; NON-BACK DORSAL FRICATIVES ç, ; NON-BACK DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ; NON-BACK DORSAL GLIDES j ; NON-BACK VOWELS æ, e, ə, ɪ̞, ɛ, i, æ̃, ẽ, ə̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ĩ ; -- NON-DORSALS ; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; NON-DORSAL NASALS m ɱ, n, ; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS l ; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ ; NON-DORSAL GLIDES w ] [tense ; compare to ATR or RTR += ; TENSE VOWELS e, i, u̟, ɑ, ĩ, ũ, ẽ, ɑ̃, -= ; NON-TENSE VOWELS æ, ə, ɪ̞, ɛ, ʌ, ʊ̞, ɔ, æ̃, ə̃, ɔ̃, ɪ̃, ɛ̃, ʌ̃, ʊ̃, ; DORSAL PLOSIVES k, kʼ, kʰ, ; DORSAL FRICATIVES ç, x, ; DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS ŋ, ; DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹʲ ɹˤ, ; DORSAL GLIDES j ; -- NON-DORSALS ; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES p, pʼ, pʰ, t, tʼ, tʰ ɾ, ; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES tʃ, dʒ, ; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ; NON-DORSAL NASALS m ɱ, n, ; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS l ; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS ɹ ; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS m̩, n̩, l̩, ɹ̩ ; NON-DORSAL GLIDES w ] *PROTO |Gif Lang *PROTO |Jif Lang ; -- Devoicing, all our z's become s's [ + voice consonantal - nasal]>[- voice]/._. ; -- loss of schwa, the is th' ə>0/._. ; -- Ejectivization, all our pits become pit's [+ spreadGlottis - continuant]>[+ constrictedGlottis - spreadGlottis]/._[+ constrictedGlottis] [+ spreadGlottis - continuant]>[+ constrictedGlottis - spreadGlottis]/[+ constrictedGlottis]_. [+ constrictedGlottis]>0/[+ constrictedGlottis - continuant]_. [+ constrictedGlottis]>0/._[+ constrictedGlottis - continuant] ; -- r color spreading, all our reports become rihpahts [- consonantal tense]>[+ tense]/ɹ_. [- consonantal tense]>[+ tense]/._ɹ [- consonantal high]>[+ high]/ɹʲ_. [- consonantal high]>[+ high]/._ɹʲ [- consonantal back]>[+ back]/ɹˤ_. [- consonantal back]>[+ back]/._ɹˤ ɹ>0/._. ɹʲ>0/._. ɹˤ>0/._. ; -- Deaspiration, tiff is diff and diff is tiff [+ spreadGlottis - continuant]>[- spreadGlottis]/._. ; "JavaScript" ; "gif or jif? I say zhaif" ; "This request returns an empty object" ; "I love going to waffle js!" ; "A donut a day makes living with the threat of pandemic easier"