648 lines
No EOL
14 KiB
Text
648 lines
No EOL
14 KiB
Text
; -------- GA ENGLISH PHONETIC INVENTORY
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; ---- VOWELS = æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟
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; ɪ̞ / ʊ̞ = lowered
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; u̟ = advanced
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; -- LABIAL = u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɔ
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; -- +HIGH = i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞
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; -- -HIGH = ɑ / æ / e / ə / ɛ / ʌ
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; -- +LOW = ɑ / æ / ɛ
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; -- -LOW = i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞ / e / ə / ʌ
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; -- +BACK = ɑ / ɔ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / u̟
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; -- -BACK = æ / e / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / i
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; -- +TENSE = e / i / u̟ / ɑ
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; -- -TENSE = æ / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / ɔ
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; ---- DIPTHONGS = eə / eɪ̯ / ju̟ / äɪ̞ / ɔɪ̞ / oʊ̞ / aʊ̞ / ɑɹ / iɹ / ɛɹ / ɔɹ / ʊɹ
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; ---- CONSONANTS = p (pʰ) / b (b̥) / t (tʰ)(ɾ)(ʔ) / d (d̥)(ɾ) / tʃ / dʒ (d̥ʒ̊) / k (kʰ) / g (g̊) / f / v (v̥) / θ / ð (ð̥) / s / z (z̥) / ʃ / ʒ (ʒ̊) / h (ɦ)(ç) / m (ɱ)(m̩) / n(n̩) / ŋ / l (l̩)/ ɹ (ɹʲ ~ ɹˤ)(ɹ̩) / w (w̥) / j / x / ʔ
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; -- PLOSIVES = p / p' / pʰ / t / t' / tʰ ɾ / k / k' / kʰ
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; -- AFFRICATES = tʃ / dʒ
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; -- FRICATIVES = f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x
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; -- NASAL OBSTRUENTS = m ɱ / n / ŋ
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; -- LIQUIDS = l
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; -- RHOTIC LIQUIDS = ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ
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; -- SYLLABIC CONSONANTS = m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
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; -- GLIDES = j / w
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; -- LARYNGEALS = h ɦ / ʔ [- consonantal sonorant +/- LARYNGEAL FEATURES] only
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; -------- main class features
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[consonantal
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+=
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; NASALS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w /
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; LARYNGEALS
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h ɦ / ʔ
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]
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[sonorant
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+=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w w̥ /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; NASALS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
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-=
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; LARYNGEALS
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h ɦ / ʔ
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]
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[approximant
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+=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w /
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; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS
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l̩ / ɹ̩
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-=
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; NASALS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; SYLLABIC NASALS
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m̩ / n̩
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]
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; -------- laryngeal features
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[voice
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+=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; NASALS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
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; VOICED FRICATIVES
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v / ð / z / ʒ /
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; VOICED AFFRICATES
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dʒ /
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; VOICED LARYNGEALS
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; LARYNGEALS
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ɦ
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-= voiceless obstruents
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; VOICELESS AFFRICATES
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tʃ / /
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; VOICELESS FRICATIVES
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f / θ / s / ʃ / ç / x /
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; VOICELESS LARYNGEALS
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h / ʔ
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]
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[spreadGlottis
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+=
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; ASPIRATED PLOSIVES
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pʰ / tʰ / kʰ /
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; ASPIRATED AFFRICATES
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/
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; SPREAD LARYNGEALS
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h ɦ
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; UNASPIRATED PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / t / tʼ / ɾ / k / kʼ /
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; UNASPIRATED AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w
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; CONSTRICTED LARYNGEALS
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ʔ
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]
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[constrictedGlottis
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+=
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; LARYNGEALIZED RHOTIC
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ɹˤ /
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; CONSTRICTED LARYNGEAL
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ʔ /
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; EJECTIVE PLOSIVES
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pʼ / tʼ / kʼ
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʰ / t / tʰ ɾ / k / kʰ /
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; LIQUIDS
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l /
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; NON-PHARYNGEALIZED RHOTICS
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ɹ ɹʲ /
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; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
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; GLIDES
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j / w
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; SPREAD LARYNGEALS
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h ɦ /
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]
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; -------- manner features
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[continuant
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+=
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w /
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; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS
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l̩ / ɹ̩ /
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; TAPS
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ɾ
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-=
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; NON-TAP PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; NASALS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; SYLLABIC NASALS
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m̩ / n̩
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]
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[nasal
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+=
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; NASALS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; SYLLABIC NASALS
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m̩ / n̩
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; LIQUIDS + RHOTICS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w /
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; SYLLABIC LIQUIDS
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l̩ / ɹ̩ /
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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]
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[strident
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+=
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; STRIDENT FRICATIVES
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f / v / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
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; STRIDENT AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; NON-STRIDENT FRICATIVES
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θ / ð / ç / x /
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; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ /
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; RHOTICS + LIQUIDS
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l / ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
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; GLIDES
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j / w
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]
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[lateral
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+=
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; LATERAL LIQUIDS
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l /
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; SYLLABIC LATERALS /
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l̩
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ
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; AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ
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; FRICATIVES
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f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x
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; NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / n / ŋ
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; RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ
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; NON-LIQUID SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ / n̩ / ɹ̩
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; GLIDES
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j / w
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]
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; -------- ---- PLACE features
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; -------- labial features
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[labial
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+=
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; ROUNDED VOWELS
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u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɔ /
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; LABIAL PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ /
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; LABIAL FRICATIVES
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f / v /
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; LABIAL NASALS
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m ɱ /
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; LABIAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ /
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; LABIAL GLIDES
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w
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-=
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; UNROUNDED VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / i /
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; NON-LABIAL PLOSIVES
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t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ / k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; NON-LABIAL AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; NON-LABIAL FRICATIVES
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θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ / ç / x /
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; NON-LABIAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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n / ŋ /
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; LIQUIDS
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l /
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; RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹ ɹʲ ɹˤ /
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; NON-LABIAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩ /
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; NON-LABIAL GLIDES
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j
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]
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; -------- coronal features
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[coronal
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+=
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; CORONAL PLOSIVES
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t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
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; CORONAL AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; CORONAL FRICATIVES
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θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
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; CORONAL NASALS
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n /
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; CORONAL LIQUIDS
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l
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; CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹ
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; CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
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-=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / k / kʼ / kʰ
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; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES
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f / v / ç / x
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; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / ŋ
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; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹʲ ɹˤ
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; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ /
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; NON-CORONAL GLIDES
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j / w
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]
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[anterior
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+=
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; ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES
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t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
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; ALVEOLAR AFFRICATES
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tʃ / dʒ /
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; DENTAL FRICATIVES
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θ / ð /
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; ALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
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s / z /
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; ALVEOLAR NASALS
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n /
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; ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS
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l
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; ALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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n̩ / l̩ /
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-=
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; POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
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ʃ / ʒ /
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; POSTALVEOLAR RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹ /
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; POSTALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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ɹ̩ /
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; -- NON-CORONALs
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / k / kʼ / kʰ
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; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES
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f / v / ç / x
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; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / ŋ
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; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹʲ ɹˤ
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; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ /
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; NON-CORONAL GLIDES
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j / w
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]
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[distributed
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+=
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; DENTAL FRICATIVES
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θ / ð /
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; POSTALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
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ʃ / ʒ /
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; POSTALVEOLAR RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹ /
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; POSTALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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ɹ̩ /
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-=
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; apical / retroflex
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; ALVEOLAR PLOSIVES
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t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
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; ALVEOLAR FRICATIVES
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s / z /
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; ALVEOLAR NASALS
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n /
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; ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS
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l
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; ALVEOLAR SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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n̩ / l̩ /
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; -- NON-CORONALS
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; NON-CORONAL PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / k / kʼ / kʰ
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; NON-CORONAL FRICATIVES
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f / v / ç / x
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; NON-CORONAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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m ɱ / ŋ
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; NON-CORONAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹʲ ɹˤ
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; NON-CORONAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
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m̩ /
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; NON-CORONAL GLIDES
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j / w
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]
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; -------- dorsal features
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[dorsal
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+=
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; VOWELS
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æ / e / ə / ɑ / ɔ / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / i / u̟ /
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; DORSAL PLOSIVES
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k / kʼ / kʰ /
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; DORSAL FRICATIVES
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ç / x /
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; DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
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ŋ /
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; DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
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ɹʲ ɹˤ
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; DORSAL GLIDES
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j
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-=
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; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
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p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
||
tʃ / dʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
||
m ɱ / n /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
||
l
|
||
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹ
|
||
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
||
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
||
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
w
|
||
]
|
||
|
||
[high
|
||
+=
|
||
; HIGH VOWELS
|
||
i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞
|
||
; HIGH DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
k / kʼ / kʰ /
|
||
; HIGH DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
ç / x /
|
||
; HIGH DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
||
ŋ /
|
||
; HIGH RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹʲ
|
||
; HIGH DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
j / w
|
||
-= χ / e / o / a
|
||
; NON-HIGH VOWELS
|
||
ɑ / æ / e / ə / ɛ / ʌ
|
||
; NON-HIGH RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹˤ
|
||
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
||
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
||
tʃ / dʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
||
m ɱ / n /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
||
l
|
||
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹ
|
||
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
||
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
||
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
w
|
||
]
|
||
|
||
[low
|
||
+=
|
||
; LOW VOWELS
|
||
ɑ / æ / ɛ /
|
||
; LOW DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹˤ
|
||
-= a / ɛ / ɔ
|
||
; NON-LOW VOWELS
|
||
i / u̟ / ʊ̞ / ɪ̞ / e / ə / ʌ
|
||
; NON-LOW DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
k / kʼ / kʰ /
|
||
; NON-LOW DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
ç / x /
|
||
; NON-LOW DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
||
ŋ /
|
||
; NON-LOW DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹʲ
|
||
; DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
j
|
||
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
||
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
||
tʃ / dʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
||
m ɱ / n /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
||
l
|
||
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹ
|
||
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
||
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
||
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
w
|
||
]
|
||
[back
|
||
+=
|
||
; k / kʼ / ɣ / χ / u / ə / o / ʌ / ɑ
|
||
; BACK VOWELS
|
||
ɑ / ɔ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / u̟ /
|
||
; BACK DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
k / kʼ / kʰ /
|
||
; BACK DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
x /
|
||
; BACK DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
||
ŋ /
|
||
; BACK DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹˤ
|
||
-= ç / k̟ / i / y / ø / ɛ
|
||
; NON-BACK DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
ç /
|
||
; NON-BACK DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹʲ
|
||
; NON-BACK DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
j
|
||
; NON-BACK VOWELS
|
||
æ / e / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / i
|
||
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
||
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
||
tʃ / dʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
||
m ɱ / n /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
||
l
|
||
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹ
|
||
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
||
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
||
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
w
|
||
]
|
||
[tense ; compare to ATR or RTR
|
||
+=
|
||
; TENSE VOWELS
|
||
e / i / u̟ / ɑ
|
||
-=
|
||
; NON-TENSE VOWELS
|
||
æ / ə / ɪ̞ / ɛ / ʌ / ʊ̞ / ɔ /
|
||
; DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
k / kʼ / kʰ /
|
||
; DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
ç / x /
|
||
; DORSAL NASAL OBSTRUENTS
|
||
ŋ /
|
||
; DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹʲ ɹˤ /
|
||
; DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
j
|
||
; -- NON-DORSALS
|
||
; NON-DORSAL PLOSIVES
|
||
p / pʼ / pʰ / t / tʼ / tʰ ɾ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL AFFRICATES
|
||
tʃ / dʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL FRICATIVES
|
||
f / v / θ / ð / s / z / ʃ / ʒ /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL NASALS
|
||
m ɱ / n /
|
||
; NON-DORSAL LIQUIDS
|
||
l
|
||
; NON-DORSAL RHOTIC LIQUIDS
|
||
ɹ
|
||
; NON-DORSAL SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
|
||
m̩ / n̩ / l̩ / ɹ̩
|
||
; NON-DORSAL GLIDES
|
||
w
|
||
]
|
||
|
||
*PROTO
|
||
; -- Devoicing, all our z's become s's
|
||
[+ voice - continuant]>[- voice]/._.
|
||
; -- Reduction of schwa
|
||
ə>0/._.
|
||
|Gif Lang
|
||
|
||
*PROTO
|
||
; -- Ejectivization, all our pits become pit's
|
||
[+ spreadGlottis - continuant]>[+ constrictedGlottis - spreadGlottis]/._[+ constrictedGlottis]
|
||
[+ spreadGlottis - continuant]>[+ constrictedGlottis - spreadGlottis]/[+ constrictedGlottis]_.
|
||
[+ constrictedGlottis]>0/[+ constrictedGlottis - continuant]_.
|
||
[+ constrictedGlottis]>0/._[+ constrictedGlottis - continuant]
|
||
|Jif Lang
|
||
|
||
/PROTO
|
||
|
||
/ |